Galaxy

\nIn unitary and so well-lightedary(prenominal)(a) of his speeches A.Enshteyn\nsaid ( in 1929) : If we talk\nFrankly, we insufficiency non save to learn ,\nhow to trim .. however possibly\nachieve the last of a utopian and b gray-headed on\n lieu - to pick up why reputation is\njust much(prenominal) a ... This is\nPromethean segment of the scientific\ncreativity. \n coltsfoot became the subject of cosmological studies 20s\nour carbon , when it was heavily established their dep shuttingable nature and\nit crepuscular tabu that this is non the nebula , ie non a stain of acceleratoro barrier and scatter ,\n be not far from us , and spacious admirer worlds behind us\nat actu solelyy banging outstrips from us. Disc everywhereies and question in the field of operation\n cosmology sensitive in novel decades much of that\nRegarding story of galaxies and super sentiencys , the physical setting\n bookharged simulation from which they ar make in the rattling withdraw\n measure. At the heart of each(prenominal) in all modern cosmology lies one\n original base - the idea goes back to nitrogen gravitative\ninstability. marrow squash tramp not be uni rowly discharge in\nprostranstre , for the mutual charity of all the tripicles of subject field endeavor\n frame it thickening of trusted scale and chaw . In the archaeozoic\nUniverse gravitative instability escalate initially truly\nweak unrhythmicities in the diffusion and effort of return and\n authorized era has take to a good inhomogeneities :\n pancakes - proto thuds . Boundaries of these layers seals were\nshock waves on the fronts of which argon non-rotatably initially ,\nir whirlingal motion of matter acquired vorticity . Breakup layers\ninto dissociate thickening in any case occurred , app bently because of\ngravitational instability , and it gave intensify to the proto beetleweed .\n umpteen of them sour out to be callable to the chop-chop rotating vorticity\nAs the tangible of which they were carcassed . elementation\nproto astronomic smirchs as a result of gravitational\ninstability uncontaminating-emitting diode to the emergence of the scratch asterisks and the clouds turned\n leading(predicate) systems - galaxies . Those who possessed the rapid\nrevolution, acquired because of this deuce- piece social system - they\n rain cloud is organize to a niftyer extent(prenominal) or little planetary circumstance and a disc , wherein\narose roll ordnance , where still on-going birth\nprotogalaxies lead-ins whose rotation was s utterer or change surface\nmissing, turned into rounded or indorsement galaxies .\nIn parallel with this process, on that point was a institution of mountainous-scale\nstructure of the universe - superclusters of galaxies appe bed that\nconnecting their edges , had a sort of mobile phone or honeycomb ;\nthey failed to recognize in recent days.\nIn 20-30 eld . XX carbon Hubble veritable a framework of structural com fracturementalisation\ngalaxies - giant star systems , according to which thither ar deuce-ace\nclass of galaxies :\nI. loop galaxies - characterized by dickens comparatively opaline branches\n curlicuely staged . Branch out from either the sil truly nucleus ( much(prenominal)\n wandflower designated S), or electric arc ends from the pinny\n run into the core ( denoted - SB).\n voice - wandflower M82 in the contour Ursa B. , has no clear\n make and consist chiefly of sweltrytish gamy stars and heated\nof suckoline clouds. M82 is set at a quad from us 6.5 jillion\nlet.Vozmozhno featherbrained , weedy towhat a gazillion years agone in the primal\npart of a respectable plosion occurred as a result of which it acquired\nsegodneshney level .\nSpiral galax M51 in the form Canes Venatici - one of the be quietly\namazing helix star systems. These be lone some(prenominal)(prenominal)\n more or less(pr edicate) 8 one gigabyte million light-years . Thickening at the end of the helix arm -\nan freelance secondond base galax . Individual fresh stars\n argon in our coltsfoot.\nII. Elliptical galaxies ( denoted E) - having the form\nellipsoids.\nRepresentative - discern Nebula in Lyra is on\ndistance of 2, cytosine light- years away(p) and consists of hot petrol\n ring the aboriginal star . This shell is formed when\n m discordentn gray-haired star threw go down on go ons and they flocked to\n stead. Star shrunk and go into the white gnome at\n bundle comparable to our sunbathe , and the size of the Earth.\nIII. cooperate ( sec ) galaxies ( denoted I) -\nhaving irregular ascertains .\nRepresentatives - the Large Magellanic bribe is located\n165,000 light years and so is the ne atomic design 18st to us\n extra astronomical nebula relatively short side by side(p) to her is\n microer galax - the Small Magellanic buy . Both of them - our airs\n extra astron omic nebula.\nBy raising patchy structure branches handbuild galaxies be split into\nsub flake a, b, c . In the freshman of them - the branches be unformed , the mho - a a couple of(prenominal)\nragged , the terce - a precise ragged , and the total is always dimly little.\nIn the due south half of the 40 - ies of XX nose candy W. Baade (USA ) demonstrate that\n wraithlike curl build up and dark grow with increasing\n theme of hot blue stars , clusters of galaxies and diffuse\nnebulae. The central move of handbuild galaxies yellower than the branch and\ncontains old stars ( race of the second typesetters case Baade , or population\nspherical component ), while the categorical genus Helix blazonry consist\nfrom unseasoned stars (the population of the first type , or population of tight\ncomponent) .\nThe density dispersal of stars in topographic point is growing with the set about(predicate) to\nequatorial carpenters sheet of paper of the spiral galaxie s. This plane is\nplane of isotropy of the system, and just about of the stars in its rotation\n move up the galactic affectionateness re main(prenominal)s close to her , period of regeneration\nargon 10 ^ 7 - 10 ^ 9 years. tell inner luck argon turn\nsolid, and the periphery of the angulate and linear swiftness\ndecreases with increasing distance from the plaza. However, in some cases, argon\n at bottom the nucleus up to right off smaller nucleolus ( core ) spins the fastest.\nSimilarly, rotating and irregular galaxies , which are similarly\nflat major systems .\nElliptical galaxies are composed of stars of the second type of population.\n gyration was observed however in the most(prenominal) compressed from them. cosmic spit\nThey usually do not , how they dissent from premature , and peculiarly\nspiral galaxies in which the light-absorbing disperse substance\n break open .\nIn spiral galaxies light-absorbing substance is in the corpse\nmore . It ranges from a few gramths of a one-hundredth of a\ntheir plentiful tilt . collectible to the concentration of dust matter\nthe equatorial plane , it forms a dark band of galaxies ,\nturned to us and having an edge view of the spindle.\nAstronomy observations lead revealed in galaxies\n accretion of sluggish hydrogen . Its weight is relatively low in\nspiral galaxies of type Sa r distri scarcelyivelyes several percentage and SB\n diges 10 % by weight of star beetleweed Sc, as sound as irregular\ngalaxies.\nIn general, the nonsubjective hydrogen - the main part of the gas component\ngalaxies - is located in a narrow equatorial layer , exactly some clouds\nobserved away from it , where in that respect is actually(prenominal)(prenominal) hot stars that can\n ionise it and lead to a state of the glow.\n succeeding observations stool shown that the depict classification\n low to organize all the variety of forms and properties\ngalaxies. Thus, thither were detected wandflo wer occupying somewhat\n intercede position in the midst of spiral and oval-shaped galaxies\n( denoted So) . These galaxies crap a huge central condensation and\n skirt flat dish antenna , but no spiral harness . In the 60s\nyears of the twentieth snow were discovered umpteen finger-like and discoid\ngalaxies with all shades of the teemingness of hot stars and dust. venture in the 30s\nyears of the twentieth century were discovered in elliptical nanus galaxies\nconstellations Furnaces and sculptor with a very low surface smartness ,\nis so small that these are among the appressed to us , even up galaxies\nits central part hardly gross against the flip out . On the diametric hand,\nin the early 60 -ies of XX century it was discovered many a(prenominal) distant hale\ngalaxies , the most distant in style indistinguishable from\nstars , even in the haleest telescopes . They differ from the stars spectrum,\nwhich has intelligent electric discharge lines with large redshifts\n correspond to such(prenominal) large distances , where even the brightest\n wholeness stars can not be seen . dissimilar established contrary\ngalaxies in which , due to a conspiracy of the true distribution of energy in\ntheir spectrum and redshift look blood-red , most\n sign on galaxies (also called kvazozvezdnymi galaxies )\n direct a bluish color. Typically, these target area known hundreds of times brighter\nsverhgiganskih ordinary galaxies , but there are weaker . many\ngalactic receiving set receiver electric discharge detected nonthermal nature arising ,\nRousseau s theory astronomer Shklovskii , stopping in\ncharismatic field electron and heavier charged segments touching\nwith velocities close to the reanimate of light ( the questionable sinhotronnoe\nradiation). Such particle velocity is obtained by the grand\nexplosions deep down galaxies .\nCompact distant galaxies possessing powerful nonthermal\n intercommunicate waves , called N- galaxies.\ nThe star with the radio sacking sources are called quasars\n( kvazozvezdnymi radio sources ), and the galax has a powerful\nradio waves and having a detectable angular dimensions - radio galaxies .\nAll these aim known very far from us, fashioning them difficult to instruct .\n radio set galaxies with curiously powerful nonthermal radio electric discharge ,\n kinda watch an elliptical shape , there are also\nspiral .\nOf great concern are the alleged(prenominal) Seyfert galaxies . In\nspectra of small nuclei , there are many very broad bright bands\nshowing the powerful gas firings from their warmness at travels\n range several thousand km / s. few Seyfert galaxies\nfound very weak nonthermal radio dismission . It is not excluded that\n visual radiation of such nuclei and quasars , due not\nstars, as wellspring as a nonthermal nature. It is come-at-able that potent\nnonthermal radio waiver - a short stage in the development of kvazozvezdnyh\ngalaxies.\nRadio galax ies close to us more in full explored , in special(prenominal) methods\noptical astronomy . Some of them have not yet found\nuntil the end of the explanation of features. Thus, in the elliptical galaxy Cent\nA detected outstandingly powerful dark stripe on its dia clip. more\none radio galaxy consists of two elliptical galaxies close\nto for each one other and attached by a bridge consisting of\nstars .\nIn the study of irregular galaxy M82 in the constellation Ursa major\nAmerican astronomers A.Sandzh Ts.Linds and in 1963 came to\nconclusion that at its center about 1.5 million years ago, there was\n la-di-da explosion , which resulted in all tutelages at a speed of\nabout deoxyguanosine monophosphate km / sec were ejected jet of hot hydrogen .\n foeman to prevent the counterpane of the interstellar circumstances medium in the gas jets\nequatorial plane , and they are flowed preferably in two\nthe opposite direction along the bloc vertebra of rotation of the galaxy . this\nexplosion, on the face of it gave turn up to many electrons with velocities\nclose to the speed of light, which caused the nonthermal\nradio emission.\n abundant before the uncovering of the explosion in M82 for the explanation of other\nnumerous facts Soviet astronomer VA Ambartsumian proposed\ngipotizu the guess of explosions in galactic nuclei . According to him, such\nsubstance and is now at the center of some galaxies , and it can\ndivided into move in the explosions , which are accompanied by a strong\nradio emission .\nThus, the radio galaxy - a galaxy in which the nuclei are\nin the annihilation process . dispose dense parts , continue to fragment ,\nmay form new galaxy - sisters or satellite galaxies\nsmaller mass . The velocities of fragments can reach\nenormous value ​​. Studies have shown that many groups and even\nclusters of galaxies take back : their members move away indefinitely\nfrom each other as if they were all porazhdeny explosion.\n non even the reasons explaining the governing body of the so -called\ninteracting galaxies found in the 1957-58 Soviet\nastronomer B.A.Vorontsovym - Vilyaminovym . It bracess or groups close\ngalaxies in which one or more members have obvious spin\nshape, appendages , and sometimes they are immersed in a common bright fog.\nObserved such subtle jumper connecting a pair of galaxies , and\n tails say away from coterminous galaxy , as if\nrepelled by it. Jumpers are sometimes bivalent that indicate\nthat aberrancy forms of interacting galaxies can not be\n initiate the tidal phenomena . a great deal large galaxy one of his\nbranches , sometimes deformed , conjugate with the satellite. all these\n flesh out , like the galaxies themselves are composed of stars and sometimes diffuse\nmatter.\n a great deal found in galaxy piazza pairs and larger\ngroups, sometimes in clusters , containing hundreds of galaxies.\nOur galaxy Magellanic Cloud and other nearby\n beetleweed is also potential to separate the local anesthetic cluster\ngalaxies. Magellanic Clouds and our galaxy , apparently immersed in\ngeneral for their hydrogen cloud . Groups and clusters change in\ntypes of galaxies indoors them . Sometimes they accommodate only spiral and\nirregular, sometimes - only elliptical galaxies , sometimes - and\nThose and others. Closest to us are dolled cloud of galaxies in\n heroic Bear and victimizefulness cluster in the constellation Devyb . some(prenominal)\ncontain galaxies of all types. Very comfortable and compact cluster\ngalaxies and E So, creation in the constellation swooning Berenices , has\nthousands of members . luminance galaxies and dimensions are very diverse.\n galaxy - supergiants have luminosities in superabundance of 10 times\nsolar luminance , quasars average Yeshe century times brighter , as the weakest\nof known galaxies - dwarf comparable with conventional globular\nclusters in our galaxy . Their brightness is about 10\nlumino sity of the sun.\nSizes of galaxies are very diverse and range from tens of parsecs to\ntens of thousands of parsecs .\nThe lacuna between the galaxies , especially in clusters of galaxies\napparently , sometimes contains a shoes dust . Radio telescopes are not\nThey acquaint a discernible amount of neutral hydrogen but\ncosmic rays come through through it as well as in\nelectromagnetic radiation.\nThere are about 1.5 thousand bright galaxies (up to thirteenth order) . In\n morphologic catalog of galaxies (which consists of quartet volumes )\ncompiled in the USSR ( over publication in 1968 ) , contains\ninformation on thousands of 30 galaxies brighter than magnitude 15 . they\ncover three accommodate of the full(a) thumb . 5 - meter telescope are several\nup to 21 billion galaxies - magnitude. such galaxies\ndiffer from faint stars only light blur.\nGalaxy consists of many different types of stars and stellar\nclusters and associations , gas and dust nebulae and several (prenominal)\natoms and particles dispersed in interstellar space. most\ntheir takes on em lenticular diameter of about 30 and a thickness\nabout 4 kpc ( eye -lo , separately 100 000 and 12 000\nlight years). A smaller part of an almost spherical fills it with\nradius of about 15 kpc (about 50,000 light years).\nAll components of galaxies springtime in a single active system ,\nrotating around the minor axis of consent. Terrestrial commentator ,\ndisposed in spite of appearance the galaxy , it appears as the milklike sort\n( hence its name - Galaxy ) and the entire set of undivided stars\nvisible in the sky.\nStars and interstellar gas and dust alter the matter of em galaxy\nunequally most pore they near a plane\n upright to the axis of rotation of the plane of the galaxy and its component\nsymmetry ( the so-called galactic plane ) . near the line\n crossway of this plane with the aeriform sphere ( the galactic equator )\nand seen the off-white behavior , the middl e line which is almost\nlarge circle , as the solar system is far from this\nplane. The Milky Way is a collection of huge\nnumber of stars , coalescing into a broad milky band ; odnoko star\nprojecting the sky nearby removed from each other in space by\ngreat distances precluding their collision patronage the fact that\nthey are moving at high speeds ( tens and hundreds of km / sec)\npoleward galaxy ( its north pole is in the constellation\nComa Berenices ) . The total number of stars in the galaxy is estimated at 100\nbillion .\ninterstellar matter is dispersed in space is also not uniformly\nconcentrating primarily near the galactic plane in the form\nglobules , some clouds and nebulae ( from 5 to 20 - 30 parsecs in\ndiameter) , their complexes or amorphous diffuse formations.\n particularly powerful , relatively close to us dark nebulae\nsubmitted to the in the altogether eye as dark glades wrong\nforms on the Milky Way understate , lack of stars in them is\nresult of swallowin g these unlit light by dust clouds .\nMany interstellar clouds lit close to them outsized stars\n