Structure And Function Of Skin Health And Social Care Essay

Structure And Function Of Skin Health And Social Care canvassMarty is a 2-year-old toddler brought into the Emergency De firearmment by his distraught 16 year old single mother, Mandy.Mandy had been heating some chicken soup in the microwave in their council flat in Whitechapel, when her friend Tracey had rung Mandys mobile. Mandy left the boiling soup on the kitchen table leaving Marty alone in the kitchen. Mandy, hear Martys scream, rushed back into the kitchen to find that Marty must(prenominal)iness devote reached up and tipped the soup over himself mainly over his chest and torso. Mandy immediately removed Martys clothes, and cloaked him in a damp towel, and called for an ambulance.When Marty reaches the Royal London Accident and Emergency he is in considerable pain and is given an analgesic and started on endovenous quiets.Marty is assessed and found to have second-degree fond(p) weightiness give notices over both of his speed arms and lower abdomen and second degree deep partial thickness issues on his upper chest. At the periphery of these second degree fire are first-degree burns with large blisters developing some of which have burst. In follow approximately 30% of Martys BSA is affected.Mandy is distraught and wants to know if Marty will be scarred for life.Learning ObjectivesThe normal structure and function of sputter standard wound improveing fireClassificationTreatments Stem cellsPrognosisSocial/Ethical/ effectual issuesChild abuseNormal structure and function of the skinNormal structure of skinThe structure of the skin is divided into three points, the epi dermis, the dermis and the hypodermis. (Bardia Amirlak, 2011) (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)http//www.discovercosmeticsurgery.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/skin-structure.jpg quotation (Discover Cosmetic Surgery, 2010)EpidermisSource (Structure of the Skin)The epidermis is the uppermost layer of the skin and is avascular. It obtains its nutrients and oxygen from the underlying dermis through diffusion. The epidermis is subdivided into 5 layers the horizontal get hold basale which consists of basal (stem) cells and melanocytes, category spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum and the stratum corneum. It is make up of stratified squamous epithelial cells. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) (Bardia Amirlak, 2011)http//encyclopedia.lubopitko-bg.com/images/epidermal%20layer.jpgSkin cells are being re recrudesced constantly to replace dead cells (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011). The process is as followsEach basal cell in the stratum basaleMitosisA cell that moves upwards to fake part of the stratum spinosum.Basal (Stem) cell. This remains in the stratum basale.The basal cells found in the stratum basale divide repeatedly to produce a stem cell and another cell which matures and moves upwards towards the surface of the skin. They overly become drier because they are pathetic away from the dermis which is the cells s ource of fluid. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)The stratum corneum cells are shed on a daily basis and new cells reproduced by the process infra replace them. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)When the keratinocytes enter the stratum lucidum, they die due to apoptosis and the nucleus disappears. They systema skeletale a layer of cells which is only sight in thick skin, for example, the palms of the hands. It is scatterbrained in thinner skin, for example, around the eyes. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)By the time the original cell enters the stratum corneum, it is a dead, dry, flat packet of keratin which contain no nucleus. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)Source (Dreamstime)Dendritic cells are found in the stratum spinosum which form an important part of the immune establishment. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)Cells mature as they move towards the surface of the skin. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)In the stratum s pinosum, the cell amasses lots of keratin which is a tough, fibrous protein to become keratinocytes. They also become drier and flatter as they mature and move upwards to form part of the stratum granulosum. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)The flat keratinocytes filled with protein granules form part of the stratum granulosum. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)Cells divide by mitosis. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)Melanocytes are also found within the stratum basale which produce melanin and this is responsible for a persons skin colour. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)http//www.dreamstime.com/anatomy-of-the-epidermis-of-the-skin-non-labeled-thumb18513932.jpgDermisThe dermis is highly vascular and consists of m all structures such as sweat glands, hair follicles, nerves, macrophages, dendritic cells and job vessels. It is made up of collagen and elastic thread. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)The dermis is subdivided into the papil lary dermis and the reticular dermis. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)http//virtual.yosemite.cc.ca.us/rdroual/Lecture%20Notes/Unit%201/FG04_07.jpgPapillary dermis consists of the dermis between the folds of the epidermis to a get around distance beneath the papillae. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)Source (Integumentary System)The reticular dermis includes the rest of the dermis and contains most of the structures listed to a higher place. As illustrated, this layer consists of dense fibrous tissue. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)Hypodermishttp//www.maharshiclinic.com/images/hypodermis.gifSource (StudyBlue, 2010)The hypodermis lies underneath the dermis and is subdivided into two layers a fat layer and a deep fascia layer. The deep fascia layer is made up of dense connective tissue and this encases the entire body. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)Function of the skinThe skin has many important functions-Protection The skin acts as a barrie r to environmental effects, such as abrasions, and microbes. (Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur Arthur F. Dalley, 2011)Containment It prevents desiccation by providing containment of all the tissues and organs of the body. (Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur Arthur F. Dalley, 2011)Heat Regulation The skin regulates body temperature use sweat glands and blood vessels by a process known as homeostasis. (Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur Arthur F. Dalley, 2011)Sensation Sensory nerve endings found in the skin provide sensation, for example, pain. (Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur Arthur F. Dalley, 2011)Vitamin D When light energy is absorbed, cholecalciferol or Vitamin D is synthesised in the skin. This promotes bone gain when metabolised and activated. (Keith L. Moore, Anne M. R. Agur Arthur F. Dalley, 2011) (R. Bowen, 2011)Normal Wound betterWhen the skin is injured, for example, due to a burn, the cells undergo necrosis and die. They release enzymes which kill neighbouring cell s and therefore, the damage spreads. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)Wound healing consists of three phases (Clinimed, 2012)- spunk (Clinimed, 2012)Fibroblasts produce new collagen type III tissue. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) (SP Zinn)Proliferation (Clinimed, 2012)Maturation (Clinimed, 2012)Inflammatory cells accumulate on the surface and water evaporates from the extracellular fluid causing a rotter to arise. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)Granulation tissue is the accumulation of blood vessels, such as capillaries, and fibroblasts. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)Collagen type III is remodelled into collagen type I which is much stronger. (CliniMed, 2012)Source (Wound Care Solutions Telemedicine)During inflammation, there is an increase flow of blood to the injury site which brings white blood cells to destroy bacteria and remove any dead remains of cells. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)Occurs over a considerable period of time. (SP Zinn)http//www.woundcaresolutions-telemedicine.co.uk/images/WoundHealingProcess.jpgA clot forms due to red blood cells and platelets being released. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)Tissue healing postulates place in the proliferative stage. It can result in drop off regeneration if the stroma of the tissue is left intact. This means that a scar is not formed and the tissue can be restored to complete normalcy. However, if the stroma is distorted or damaged, indeed a mixture of regeneration and scarring will occur as the regenerating cells are not supported or directed appropriately. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)Regeneration is also resolute by the location of the injury. Tissue cells, for example, have many stem cells which allow them to undergo more successful regeneration compared to muscle cell which have a lower number of stem cells. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)Maturation involves the remodelling of collagen fibres. This occurs over a long period of time and is only initiated after the wound has been closed. (CliniMed, 2012)Source (CliniMed, 2012)Phases of Wound HealingBurnsClassificationA burn is delineate as an injury resulting from exposure to heat, chemicals or radiation. (WordNet Search 3.1)The classification of burns according to the layers affected is as follows (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) Type of BurnRegions AffectedSensationAppearanceExampleTime to HealSuperficial(beginning Degree) BurnsEpidermisPainfulErythema, SwellingSunburnSuperficial partial tone Thickness (Second Degree) BurnsEpidermis and Papillary DermisPainful, Sensitive to touchFormation of blistersScalding due to boiling water2-3 weeksDeep overtone Thickness (Second Degree) BurnsEpidermis, Papillary Dermis and Reticular DermisPainless (due to nerve endings being damaged)White or pale (due to lack of blood vessels)Fire burn3-6 weeks secure Thickness (Third Degree) BurnsAll the layers of the skinPainless(due to nerve en dings being damaged)Dry and leatheryDirectly exposed to flameSkin grafting needed to healFourth Degree BurnSkin and underlying muscle and bonePainlessDry and leathery, black or purpleElectrical and severe thermic burnsHospital admission is requiredSource (Medical Student LC), (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) (Marieb Hoehn, 2012)Burns can also be classified by the total body surface area affectedThe rule of nines can be used to estimate the total body surface area affected by a burn. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)The total body surface area affected together with the long-sufferings age is used to calculate the severity of the burn and the volume of body fluid lost. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) (Marieb Hoehn, 2012)Source (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)TreatmentsFirst AidThe first aid for accostment of burns is as followsThe person must be removed from the source of burn as soon as possible. (NHS Choices,2012)(Dr Hayley Willacy, Dr Ti m Kenny, Prof Cathy Jackson, 2012)Clothes or jewellery must be removed from the burning area. (NHS Choices,2012)(Dr Hayley Willacy, Dr Tim Kenny, Prof Cathy Jackson, 2012)The burn must be cooled for approximately 10-30 minutes using cool or lukewarm water only. It should then be cover but not wrapped, with clingfilm because it is sterile and doesnt stick to the burn. (NHS Choices,2012)(Dr Hayley Willacy, Dr Tim Kenny, Prof Cathy Jackson, 2012) (Bupa, 2011)The person must be kept warm to prevent hypothermia. (NHS Choices,2012)The pain can be managed with paracetamol or ibuprofen. (NHS Choices,2012) (Dr Hayley Willacy, Dr Tim Kenny, Prof Cathy Jackson, 2012) (InjuryInformation.com, 2009)First aid must be given to the patient as soon as possible to minimise the damage caused by the burn. (NHS Choices, 2012)Treatment for different types of burnsThe treatment given depends on the type of burn it isSuperficial (First Degree) burnsSuperficial burns are treated by cooling the burn with clea n water and managing the pain with the use of analgesics (painkillers) or local solutions such as aloe vera. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009)Superficial burns do not result in deep wounds and blisters therefore, there is only a slim chance of infection. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009)Partial thickness (Second degree) burnsPartial thickness burns are treated in the same way as superficial burns. The first step in treating partial thickness burns is cleaning the wound with water and reducing pain and swelling with the use of analgesics. The next step is to use sterile gauze to cover the burn without breaking the blister to minimise the chance of infection. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Bupa, 2011) The skin layers can still regenerate after a partial thickness burn due to the stem cells present in hair follicles. (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)However, severe partial thickness burns, for example, burns covering a significant proportion of the body, require medical examinatio n attention and are treated using (InjuryInformation.com, 2009)First Aid to clean the burn and prevent the chance of infection. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009)Intravenous fluids to prevent excess heat and fluid loss which could lead to a decrease in blood pressure and shock. (Bupa, 2011)(Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)Prophylactic antibiotics if the patient is suspected of being infected, prophylactic antibiotics are given to treat the infection. (Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, 2007) (Bupa, 2011)Analgesics Analgesics will be given, for example, ibuprofen, aspiring, paracetamol, to manage the pain. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Bupa, 2011) (NHS Choices, 2012)Skin grafts to reduce scarring. This is carried out for patients with severe partial thickness, full thickness and intravenous feedingth degree burns to re-establish the surface of the skin because most of the basal cells have been destroyed. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011) (Bupa, 2011) (Shabir Bhimji, VeriMed Healthcare Network David Zieve, 2011)There are four different types of skin grafts (Leah DiPlacido, 2010)Autografts The skin is taken from any part of the part of the patients body, for example, the buttocks. This is then spread over the wound and held in place using staples or stitches. (Shabir Bhimji, VeriMed Healthcare Network David Zieve, 2011) (Bupa, 2011) (Leah DiPlacido, 2010)The main advantage of autografts is that it is no issue of rejection because it is the patients own skin.Allografts The donor skin is from another person, usually a cadaver. However, the cells in the skin need to be alive when transplanted. The disadvantage of allografts is that the patients immune system will attack the allografts leading to rejection. Therefore, this is only a temporary form of cover. (Leah DiPlacido, 2010)Xenografts The skin used is from a different species, for example, a pig. It has the same disadvantage as allografts and even tually results in rejection, therefore, xenografts are also used as a temporary cover. (Leah DiPlacido, 2010)Synthetic Tissue Burns can also be covered using synthetic tissue which is synthesised in a laboratory. It is made of collagen and carbohydrate and is placed over the wound to allow the patients own cells to grow into this engineered skin. (Leah DiPlacido, 2010)Full thickness (Third Degree) and Fourth degree burnsImmediate emergency attention is required for these burns as all the layers of the skin are destroyed. This also increases the likelihood of an infection and therefore, these burns are treated in a sterile environment. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009)All full thickness and fourth degree burns require full-thickness skin grafts in which the transplanted skin includes the underlying muscle and blood supply. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Shabir Bhimji, VeriMed Healthcare Network David Zieve, 2011)An escharatomy is also performed in severe burns where the skin and tissue becomes inelastic and damages blood vessels thereby preventing circulation. Surgical incisions are made along the area of the burn to release the pressure of the skin and tissues so circulation can resume. (Jennifer Heisler, 2012) (Jama, 1968)There is a defined chance of scarring in full thickness and fourth degree burns because all the stem cells in the skin have been destroyed and regeneration cannot take place. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Thomas H. McConnell Kerry L. Hull, 2011)PrognosisThe prognosis for burn patients is dependent on the severity of the burn and the total body surface area affected. (Considerations for burn patients)Social/Ethical/Legal issuesChild abuse ResponsibilitiesChild abuse is defined as the mistreatment of a child either physically, stimulatedly or sexually. (Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador)There are four categories of child abuse which are recognisedPhysical abuse This form of abuse involves physical mistreatment of the child, for ex ample, hitting, burning, poisoning, and so forth (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny, 2010)Emotional abuse This form of abuse involves the emotional mistreatment of a child which could result in childs emotional development being affected. Some examples of this include bullying, frightening a child, etc. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny, 2010)Sexual abuse This form of abuse involves forcing a child to participate in sexual activity and also forcing him/her to look at sexual images etc. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny, 2010)Neglect Neglect is defined as the failure of the parent or guardian to meet the basic physical and psychological needs of the child, for example, emotional neglect, failure to protect the child from danger, etc. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny, 2010)Some of the symptoms of child abuse includeWithdrawal of child (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny,2010)Physical marks and bruises which indicate tow ards physical abuse or neglect (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny,2010)Overdose of noxious substances could indicate towards physical abuse (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny,2010)The child might be afraid of physical contact, etc. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny,2010)If a child is suspected of being abused, the doctor should demonstrate the case with their colleagues and if necessary, the child and family should be referred to social services. If possible, consent should try to be obtained and the carer involved. However, if the doctor feels that the child is at immediate risk, then the emergency services must be informed immediately. (Dr Colin Tidy, Dr Naomi Hartree Dr Tim Kenny, 2010)ConclusionLooking at the scenario, it can be seen that Mandy carried out the correct first aid procedure by wrapping Marty in a damp towel as this will cool the burn and prevent the risk of infection. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009)In A E, Marty was given the treatment required for the above burns, for example, analgesics and intravenous fluids. However, for the second degree deep partial thickness burns on his upper chest, he might require skin grafts from another part of his body such as the buttocks to minimise scarring and re-establish the growth of epidermis. (InjuryInformation.com, 2009) (Bupa, 2011)In conclusion, I think that Marty will recover fully with some scarring on the upper chest however, he might need psychological support and counselling to help deal with the scars.Source (Natalie Verney, 2012)As this is the first case of neglect, Marty must be observed to see if any such incident happens again. The social services can also be involved to help Mandy take care of Marty. She can also be advised to join support groups, for example, Netmums to help cope physically and mentally. http//www.heart.co.uk/u/apps/asset_manager/uploaded/2012/23/netmums-logo-1339067868.jpg